Antisubmarine warfare in the postwar years in the Soviet Union has always paid great attention. This goal was created not only surface ships, but also planes, it is Sufficient to recall the seaplane Be-unmanned, equipped with sonobuoys buoys, aeromagnetic, anti-submarine bombs and mines. With the advent of U.S. nuclear submarines armed with ballistic missiles “Polaris”, significantly increased the role of anti-submarine aircraft, which is now required not only discovery and destruction of submarines of the enemy, but also constant monitoring of their movements in the waters of the World ocean, the clarification of the anticipated areas of their combat duty Be-6, as established later, the amphibian be-12, were not suitable for patrolling in the remote areas of the oceans, and established on them equipment is not allowed to solve such a complex task.
A government resolution on the development of future Il-38 search and sighting station (PPS) “Berkut” consisting of radar station (RLS) and various sensors, information from which was processed through the onboard digital computer tsvm-264, was released on 18 June 1960 Document was ordered to produce a prototype car for testing in the second quarter of 1962.
According to the plans of developers, “Berkut” will allow to detect submarines potential enemy at a distance up to 30 — 35 km at sea up to three points System was so complicated that the fine-tuning was delayed for more than seven years, According to the task plane ASW was supposed to have a range of 2200 km, the duration of the patrol to three hours when flying at altitudes from 500 to 2000 m. the minimum display speed limited to 350 km/h Minimum flight altitude when using the magnetometers was in the range of 100 — 200 m.
A draft design was developed on the basis of passenger Il-18-led With Ilyushin.
Despite the apparent similarities of the Il-38 aircraft, its layout was significantly different from its predecessor.
First of all, the aircraft ASW was not required as big a sealed compartment like the Il-18 on the other hand, PPP “the eagle” with its huge radar antenna, not to stretch communications, it is desirable to place closer to the operators, observing the surface and underwater conditions in the patrolling area.
Based on this, the entire crew consisting of two pilots, a Navigator, two operators of a radar station and airborne receiving display device (SPIU), flight engineer and radio operator, placed in a sealed compartment in the forward fuselage In the cockpit operators adjacent to the pilot’s laid out navigation and electronic equipment, buffet, bed, toilet, portable oxygen apparatus and a fire extinguisher In the composition of the emergency equipment included a raft PSN-2, located above the rear cargo compartment, sea rescue costumes MSK pilots the plane took off, radar Badge, the nose cone of the fuselage top was made of metal, and the lower part where the antenna wireless devices, has retained the radio waves.
Under tight compartment were placed the antenna unit of the radar, which was part of “Berkut”, and to protect the fairing from damage by foreign objects during the takeoff run and the mileage behind the wheels of the front landing gear mounted protective reflective shield.
Since Il-38 — military machine, to reduce the time of embarkation and disembarkation of crew instead of the side doors for antenna radar “Berkut” provided the lower door width 0.7 m, length 1 m, rear output door width of 0.9 m and a height of 1.28 m, and for the emergency evacuation made the shaft the Top hatch was designed for the emergency evacuation of the vehicle in the event of a water landing.
The wiring of the Elevator control and direction of the duplicated and spread around the sides of the machine, increasing its survivability in combat injuries.
Indian Il-38, equipped with apparatus “Sea serpent”
The adopted layout of the fuselage led to the displacement of the center of gravity of the aircraft forward To preserve an acceptable margin of longitudinal static stability of the wing was moved closer to the bow by three meters. Because of this, in the cockpit noise level increased by 28 dB, which exceeded the norm set General technical requirements of the air force. To reset the payload (search and destruction of submarines) did not cause significant changes in the longitudinal stability margin, two unpressurized cargo compartment thermostated with a length of 4.41 m 5,82 m, respectively, placed in front of and behind the center section of the wing Fold hatches of gruzootsekah opened outward.
The primary means of searching for submarines in submerged position at that time was sonobuoys passive non-directional action, RSL-1, RSL directed passive-2 passive-active RSL-3 These buoys exhibited in the area to find the submarine and along her route.
Most often used buoys RSL-1. which are not only broadcasted information about acoustic noise, but also served to determine their location with respect to the aircraft at a distance of 60 km Buoys RSL-2 was designed for direction finding submarine with an accuracy of 3 to 4 degrees, and the RSL-3 to specify the location of the submarines and determine the parameters of its movement.
All information received from the buoys were processed using the airborne digital computer and displayed on a screen of radar in addition, acoustic information originating from non-directional buoys RSL-1, were investigated by the operator, SPIU, to listen noises.
In the rear fuselage have planned the placement of aeromagnetic APM-60 “Orsha”, which was the auxiliary means and serving only to confirm a contact with a submarine.
As follows from the Protocol of the mock-up Committee of the Il-38, anti-submarine warfare torpedoes were intended TAB-1 or tab-2, anti-aircraft missile APR-1 “Condor”, ten anti-submarine bombs PLAB-250-120 or PLAB-50, or up to 98 PLAB-MK. On Board the Il-38 can accommodate up to four minutes, IGDM (AMD-2M), APM, “Lira”, “Serpa” and RM-1 or up to eight, HDM-800 Total weight of discharged cargo reached 5620 kg.
In addition to semi-automatic tactical tasks, including the search for submarines with the production of sighting data and issue reset signals anti-submarine weapons, the system can provide automatic EN-route flight and semi-automatic — at other stages, except for takeoff and landing This contributed to the flight-navigation complex “Way-4B-2K,” the autopilot АП6Е and automatic radio ark-B.
Il-38, as compared to its predecessor, the passenger, reinforced chassis, updated de-icing and oxygen systems, as well as the device for the air conditioning Changed and the fuel system, while 30 300 liters of fuel was poured into the wing tanks (including tank caisson in the center section) and 4200 litres in the fuselage.
Base anti-submarine aircraft Il-38 with the staff of “Berkut”:
1 — aerial route and glide-path landing systems, 2 — instrument compartment, 3,38 — front antenna Radiotechnika III range, the 4 — seat of the right pilot, 5 — seat flight engineer, 6 — chair 6ортрадиста, 7 — side seat, 8 — seat Navigator-radar operator; 9 equipment reception and information device “Orta”, 10 — instrument radar “eagle”, 11 — refrigeration unit, 12 — fuel tanks, 13 digital computing machine, the 14 — radio astronomy sextant, 15 units of equipment “RESEDA”, 16 and 22 — oxygen cylinders, 17 — cable the radio antenna HF range, 18 — liferaft PSN-2 and 19 units of equipment of the “Berkut”, the 20 — turbine generator T1 – 16, 21 battery, 23 — electro – and radio equipment, 24 — magnetosensitive unit “Orsha”, 25 — rear antenna Radiotechnika III range, 26 — tail safety support, 27 — unit meter Doppler ground speed and drift angle Wind, 28 antenna equipment “eagle”, 29 — torpedo PLAT-2,30 — wing center section, 31 — cassette buoys RSL-RSL buoy 1.32-3.33 to cover the entrance hatch to the pressurized cabin, 34 — mine, 35 — antenna radar unit “Berkut”, the 36 — radio-panel, 37 — antenna Radiotechnika; 39 receiver temperature N-1,40 receiver full pressure PPD-1,41,57,60 pulse light beacons media-2,42,48 — cover escape hatches, 43 antenna radio VHF-band, 44 — protective covering of the fuselage 45, the air intake of the air conditioning system hardware compartment, 46 — fairing of the outlet of the ventilation system of the fuselage; 47 window, 49 — cover liferaft ПСИ6А; 50 — exhaust hole TG-16, 51 — dorsal fin, 52 — Kiel, 53,122 — dischargers static electricity, 54 rudder 55 trimmer rudder, 56 — tail navigation light (red), 58 — radiotransparent Radome radar 59 — the transmitting station antenna system for short-range navigation RSBN-2C, 61 — antenna Radiotechnika, 62 — antenna stations of the system of short-range navigation RSBN-2S, 63,103 — landing-taxiing, 64 — a non-braking wheel 800×225 mm, 65 — protective reflective plate 66 and the cover entrance hatch, 67 — retractable gangway, 68 — brake wheel 900×285 mm, 69 — cover the charging port, 70 — arm, 71 — spinner; 72, the air intake ventilating the nacelle, 73 — removable cover nacelle to access the flame tube TMD AI-20M, 74,94 —blinds ventilation of the nacelle; 75 — fold adjustable tunnel cooler TVD; 76, the air intake inlet tunnel massardier theater; 77 — upper thrust compensation mechanism, 78 — strut 79 — side brace, 80 — lock the retracted position the main landing gear, the 81 — slot-hinge; 82 — stabilizing damper truck; 83 — clip lock the retracted position the main bearing, 84 — lower thrust compensation mechanism, the 85 — truck chassis; 86 — the lock released position of main landing gear, 87 — hydraulic cylinder-lift; 88 — clip of the castle retracted position of the front support, 89 — cylinder, 90 — lock the retracted position of the front landing gear, 91 — strut 92 — the lock released position of the front support, 93 — side brace, a 95 air intake cooling of the generator, 96 — fairing centrifugal breather, 97, the air intake for ventilation of the engine compartment 98, the hydraulic cylinder turning the front wheels, 99 — electrothermal de-icing system blade propeller AV-68, 100 — air intake TVD AI-20M, 101 — centroplane panel thermoelectric anti-icing system, 102 — propeller variable-pitch AV-68, 104 — dvuhmetrovoe deflector flap; 105 — hydraulic cylinder-lift, 106 — rear right wing navigation light (green) 107 front right wing navigation light (green); 108 — fold front landing gear, 109 — cone stub antenna, automatic radio compass, ark-B, 110 — fold hatch front gruzootseke; 111 cassette signal cartridges EXP-39; 112 — fold niche of the front landing gear; 113 — radio-bar loop antenna, automatic direction finder ark-B, 114 —stabilizer, 115 — steering wheel height 116 — trimmer of the Elevator, 117 — radio-panel antennas measuring the Doppler ground speed and drift angle, 118 — fold rear hatch gruzootseke, 119 —double slit flap, 120 — trimmer Aileron, 121 — Aileron, 123 — middle fold niches main landing gear, 124 — fold struts in the front 125 — rear Assembly niches main landing gear
The original Il-38 were calculated under the AI-20 engines, with which the takeoff weight does not exceed 63 500 kg Prototype built at the pilot plant OKB-240 in conjunction with the plant number 30, put the finished assemblies of the airframe and some systems.
September 27 1961 the first flight of the Il-38 turboprop engine, AI-20, but without anti-submarine equipment (crew — test pilot V. K. Kokkinaki, the co-pilot e And Kuznetsov, Navigator In f resurrection, the radio operator And Eliminou) Leading testing was an engineer With M. Goldmann and the pilot And M. Turunen In may next year, the customer showed a layout (actually a finished aircraft models with anti-submarine equipment). The mock-up Commission was headed by I. Borzov.
In September 1962, flew the second prototype of the Il-38 Installation on the machine equipment “eagle” combined with the navigation system using the tsvm-264, completed only 16 Mar 1963, and later a fully equipped machine started in April of next year. In August, after the completion of the first phase “A” of state tests, it became clear that all aircraft systems and avionics, including search and sighting station “Berkut” brought to a healthy state, and their parameters correspond to the tactical and technical requirements.
A month later, the second phase of joint state tests, but from December until April 1965 had to take a break, associated with the replacement of the equipment, is exhausted, install a new more powerful engine AI-20M and the elimination of identified defects state Tests Il-38 was completed in 1968 Serial production of the Il-38 is carried out at the factory number 30 in Moscow. The first production aircraft with engines AI-20M soared in September 1967, and on 17 January 1969 the car has adopted a Construction of the Il-38 was completed in February 1972 with the release of 58 machines, five of which were sold to the Indian Navy the Use of more powerful engines in comparison with the prototype, increased the maximum takeoff weight of machine 2500 kg, and the “commercial” load of 8000 kg, the flight duration was 16 h. In this case the tactical range was 2,200 km and the duration is patrolling in a given area was 3 to 3.5 h.
Exploitation of Il-38 in the Navy began in late 1968 the First aircraft mastered the crews of aircraft of the Northern fleet.
While the car was tested and organized serial production, in its Arsenal appeared guided bombs KAB-500ПЛ with acoustic guidance system. Adopted and the newest missile-torpedo “Orlan”. Aeromagnetic AP-60 replaced by the AP-73 Then the round Radome of the radar system “Berkut” gave a teardrop shape.
In 1970 the Il-38 has mastered the aviators of the Pacific fleet (TOF). In the spring of the same year, these aircraft participated in the large-scale maneuvers “Ocean”. Three years later the Il-38 appeared in the Baltic fleet.
In the initial period of development the Il-38 main tactics of search of submarines was only “barrier”, when the estimated path of submarines exposed the barriers of sonobuoys In the early 1970s, has developed another, more effective method for finding enemy submarines by placement of buoys throughout the area of their intended location, added the “barrier” tactic This has required changes not only in the software of onboard digital computer, but also placing on Board the aircraft of additional equipment, in particular, the automatic navigation device, ANP-38, to improve the accuracy of maneuvering while tracking underwater objects of the enemy.
В1972 g tested method of flying the Il-38 on three and two engines in-Flight research has confirmed the possibility of increasing the duration of the flight on two engines But further experiments did not get Probably, the command of naval aviation itself, insure, pursuant to rule, as if something had happened.
In September 1983 Il-38 was attracted to search for the remains passenger aircraft “Boeing-747” KAL South Korean airline that crashed in the sea of Okhotsk In 1989, anti-aircraft assistance to the crew who have suffered a disaster of the submarine “Komsomolets”.
First the car was lost in December 1987 in the Pacific fleet. That day the commander of the ship Vladimir N. Koshkin thought that the aircraft accelerated slowly, and he decided to stop off, when the needle of the speed indicator showed 250 km/h Heavy car, despite the emergency brake, skidded off the runway and got so severely damaged that it had to be written off.
Happened and the tragedy, February 3, 1994 during approach to landing in adverse weather conditions the Il-38 aircraft of the Northern fleet touched the wing of the ground and crashed, killing seven crew members.
In 1995, the Russian delegation to the Il-38 for the first time officially visited the US air base, Elmendorf (AK), and the next summer the aircraft ASW became a member of the international aviation exhibition held on the Royal air force of great Britain Fafard.
April 15, 1999 during a patrol flight Il-38 crew commander of the squadron In zemlyanova found off the coast of Kamchatka foreign nuclear submarine (in one of the discarded sonobuoys suddenly gave the signal serifs submarines) Optionally reset the buoys allowed us to classify the object and identifying in it the boat type “Los Angeles”, to determine the nature of its movement After the report to the Navy yard the crew followed the enemy about a half hour then work onboard radar in active mode, with the permission of the command given to understand “the guest”, what she discovered and its presence near the Russian coast is not desirable.
The last peaceful operation of the Il-38 was the search for the crew of the ship Sinegorye, which sank in October 2006 the Korean coast, Then the crew of antisubmarine aircraft found the bodies of two of our sailors.
But time goes on and the aircraft is physically and morally obsolete the First attempts of modernization of the aircraft variant of the Il-38M refer to the beginning of the 1970s, when it was equipped with the device in-flight refueling aerial Refueling was carried out from the same modified Il-38М3, equipped with a universal refueling unit ORM-38, radio engineering system of short-range navigation RSBN-20V to search for and meeting of aircraft in the refueling and extra fuel tanks in its cargo compartments. State tests of the improved machine was completed in may 1977, but adopted and not adopted.
After more than 20 years on the modernization of Il-38 began to talk again, especially about replacing PPS “Berkut” system “the short story” the New facility is fully digital, has a smaller mass and dimensions for large opportunities.
“Novella” includes radar, television-thermal imaging engine and infrared sensor (no Il-38), a sonobuoys system, a magnetometer and a system of electronic surveillance is Planned to equip the new aircraft defense system, including the station warning receiver, infrared sensor detect start and approaching missiles, the jammer device shooting traps On the Il-38 will be replaced navigational and radio equipment.
As already noted, the sole importer of the Il-38 was India, which bought five cars appearance in the late 1990-ies PPS fifth generation “novel” helped to improve and expand the functionality of the Il-38. Getting to the modernization of the aircraft variant of the Il-38N, AK named after S. Ilyushin In not limited to the replacement of the teaching staff and have updated almost all the members of electronic, proteininteractions and other equipment, adding new, previously unused system the Aircraft is also equipped with thermal imaging, television and laser equipment, allowing greater accuracy to detect and identify both surface and underwater targets Appeared on Board the Il-38N and equipment, electronic reconnaissance, mounted in the container above the fuselage In the end, the plane was purchased and a new look.
Variant of the Il-38N to 2010 is expected to upgrade all domestic cars with extension of service life to 45 years.
The first stage of conversion of the Il-38 to Il-38N was completed in the spring of 2001, and in the same year it began its flight tests.
After the completion of state tests is expected to 2015, to upgrade more than half of in service aircraft of the Russian Navy Il-38 Test Il-38N was held so well that to the “Rosoboronexport” signed a contract with the Indian Navy about upgrading five Il-38SD with the installation of the export version of the PPP “Novella”, called “Sea snakes”.
“Sea serpent” is able to simultaneously track more than 30 targets (ships, submarines, and naval mines and aerial targets), the system can be connected to the satellite navigation system GLONASS. Revised and armament of the aircraft, entering into its composition, in particular anti-ship missiles KH-35E.
October 1, 2002 in the Indian state of Gras the tragedy occurred When performing demonstration flights faced two Il-38, killing 12 crew members. Despite this, the Indian military decided the remaining three machines upgraded variant of the Il-38SD, which will be equipped with supersonic anti-ship missiles “BrahMos”.
The basic data of the aircraft Il-38
Engines type…………………………AI-20M
Take-off power, HP………….4×4250
Wing span, m……………………..37,4
Length, m………………………………..40,75
Height in the Parking lot, m……………..10,165
Wing area, m………………….140
Takeoff weight, kg…………………66 000
Empty weight, kg……………………34 000
Payload weight, kg……….8000
Fuel capacity, l……………………34 500
Cruising speed, km/h…….580 600
Practical ceiling, m………..10 000
Maximum range, km….8500
The duration of the flight, h…9
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