In 1868 in Japan coup “Meiji ISIN”, which restored the power of the Emperor, the Country emerged from the rule of feudal clans unified and became the Navy Military Ministry (in charge originally appeared, and the Navy) got a weird set of ships, which with the big stretch can be called a martial and which are not explicitly represented the Navy it consisted of ships and the bakufu feudal government, and the ships, inherited from his defeated opponents, first of all, the powerful clan of Satsuma Among them was the only battleship, purchased from rebel American Confederate southern States, a wooden Corvette and kolodka, as well as several armed steamers and sailboats to Japan in a dilemma, either to restore old ships, or upgrade your fleet, the Japanese have gone on the second way In 1870 was chosen as the benchmark the most powerful Navy in the world — the British.
“LET A HUNDRED DIFFERENT FLOWERS…”
An impressive victory by the Austrian fleet at Lissa, it would seem, has occurred in spite of all the prerequisites Indeed, the Italians were superior to his opponent not only in the number of combat ships and held their weapons artillery, but, more importantly, in quality. A large part of the squadron of rear Admiral Tegethoff consisted of “pieces of wood” who carried smoothbore cannons, and confronted them new iron battleships and cruisers with rifled guns. However, a good RAM blow battleship flagship “Ferdinand Max” and sent to the bottom of “Italian” “Re d’italia”, brought the Austro-Hungarian victory at sea — the first great victory in a pitched battle around the world since the great Nelson’s, and quite unexpectedly, put the “patchwork monarchy” among the great Maritime powers.
Projects and experienced first instances of jet aircraft with variable geometry wings appeared during the Second world war: in our country the project of this aircraft was developed V. V. Shevchenko and German company “Messerschmitt” even built experimental aircraft Р1101, which went to the Americans as a trophy. On the basis of the firm “bell” has created two pilot cars X-5, taking into account the requirements of the U.S. air force to the aircraft-attack aircraft. The first is constructed from X-5 first took to the air July 20, 1951 two years later, on may 19, 1953, in the United States flew another prototype aircraft with variable wing geometry — Jaguar XF10F-1, proposed by the Grumman American fleet. The tests confirmed a significant improvement in flight performance of the aircraft due to the wing using variable geometry, but the final results of flight tests were negative. And only eleven years later, on December 21, 1964, made the first flight of the aircraft with variable wing geometry XF-111A, designed by the firm “General dynamics”, accepted in 1967, the U.S. air force.
1888, the coronation of Wilhelm II, last Emperor of Germany, claim to very much, which has plunged his country into the bloodiest in the entire history of the Earth, war ended in disaster for his country and for himself. The new Emperor considered himself a great connoisseur of the fleet and even the compiled projects of warships (even if only conceptual). It is not surprising that already in the first years of the reign he completely rebuilt the organization of the naval forces, unchallenged which lasted 20 years under the auspices of the land of the generals.
Overcoming water obstacles by troops in the course of warfare is still one of the most difficult tasks of engineering support of Special importance is its start — up phase, the crossing, that is, overcoming water obstacles with the battle, when the opposite Bank defended by the enemy the Crossing ends with the capture of the vanguard or the first echelon of the advancing troops of the bridgehead, eliminating the possibility of enemy direct fire of ferrying troops.
Since the profession of Aviator became popular, there was a need for a training aircraft They were needed for initial pilot training and for maintaining the necessary level of flight training of the personnel of combat units. Since the thirties of the XX century, a whole generation of Soviet pilots passed the initial training on a simple and reliable aircraft Po-2 For advanced training were used Yakovlevskaya UT-1 and UT-2. After the war, under the leadership of Alexander Yakovlev for this purpose has created the Yak-18 and Yak-11.
Ministerial reshuffle in France in the 90-ies of the XIX century in the absence of common ideas in the creation of the Navy not only politicians, but also among experts has led to what could cause any mess of Sharp change of course has impact on all classes of ships, but the most affected was exactly cruiser.
Antisubmarine warfare in the postwar years in the Soviet Union has always paid great attention. This goal was created not only surface ships, but also planes, it is Sufficient to recall the seaplane Be-unmanned, equipped with sonobuoys buoys, aeromagnetic, anti-submarine bombs and mines. With the advent of U.S. nuclear submarines armed with ballistic missiles “Polaris”, significantly increased the role of anti-submarine aircraft, which is now required not only discovery and destruction of submarines of the enemy, but also constant monitoring of their movements in the waters of the World ocean, the clarification of the anticipated areas of their combat duty Be-6, as established later, the amphibian be-12, were not suitable for patrolling in the remote areas of the oceans, and established on them equipment is not allowed to solve such a complex task.
In accordance with the existing plan for the construction of the Soviet Navy in the late 1950-ies provided for the construction of a series of special vehicles, air defense PR 1126 ships and radar surveillance D. 62, the main weapon was supposed to be a universal anti-aircraft missile system M-11, designed for effective combat not only aircraft but also surface type enemy destroyers, torpedo boats and boats-submarines.
Compact car FIAT 500 Topolino. With the advent of the automobile mankind has had another dream as soon as possible to buy this vehicle. However, for a large part of the population for many years this dream was very far from realization — too big was the difference between the cost of cars and income of potential buyers.